Network-traffic predictor and method

ABSTRACT

A method for predicting network-traffic bursts includes identifying, in data received by a networking device, a plurality of network-traffic bursts, each of the plurality of network-traffic bursts occurring at a respective one of plurality of burst-times {tN, tN-1, . . . , t0}. The method includes determining a time-interval τn of a next burst occurring at τn after burst-time t1 by determining respective values of τn, a parameter ξ, and a parameter η, that minimize, to within a tolerance, a quantity (fk(ξ,η,k)−(τn−tk)) for at least three values of a integer k. Parameters and η are, respectively, a real and imaginary part of a power-law exponent of a power law relating predicted time-interval τn to any of the plurality of burst-times. The method includes determining, from a cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution of previously-identified network-traffic bursts, a time-duration during which the networking device may reallocate bandwidth.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/375,782, filed Apr. 4, 2019, which application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/652,786, filed on Apr. 4, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Efficient allocation of bandwidth across a communication network is an important contributor to the network's quality of service (QoS) to its users. Intermittent bursts in network traffic poses a challenge to efficient bandwidth allocation, as communication channels experiencing such bursts have fluctuating bandwidth requirements. Allocating too little bandwidth to a channel results in sluggish data transmission when bursts occur. Allocating the channel sufficient bandwidth to accommodate bursts is inefficient, as the channel does not utilize its full bandwidth during relatively low data-rate periods occurring between bursts.

SUMMARY OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In a first aspect, a method for predicting network-traffic bursts is disclosed. The method includes identifying, in data received by a networking device, a plurality of network-traffic bursts, each of the plurality of network-traffic bursts occurring at a respective one of plurality of burst-times {t_(N), t_(N-1), . . . , t₀}, N≥3. The method also includes determining a time-interval x of a next burst occurring at x after burst-time t₁ by determining respective values of predicted time-interval τ_(n), a parameter ξ, and a parameter η. Time-interval τ_(n), parameter ξ, and parameter η minimize, to within a tolerance, a quantity (f_(k) (ξ,η,k)−(τ_(n)−t_(k))) for at least three values of a positive integer k≤N. Parameters and η are, respectively, a real part and an imaginary part of a power-law exponent of a power law relating predicted time-interval x to any of the plurality of burst-times. The method also includes determining, from a cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution of previously-identified network-traffic bursts associated with a previously-predicted burst-time τ_(p), a time-duration during which the networking device may reallocate bandwidth according to at least one of traffic type, a subnet mask, and IP address. Previously-predicted burst-time τ_(p) differs from predicted time-interval τ_(n) by less than a predetermined tolerance.

In a second aspect, network-traffic burst predictor is disclosed. The network-traffic burst predictor includes a processor communicatively coupled to both a networking device and a memory. The memory stores non-transitory computer-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, control the processor to execute the method of the first aspect.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a plot of a bit-rate of information transmitted by a communication channel as a function of time.

FIGS. 2 and 3 each include a scatter plot of measured burst times vs. predicted burst times, in embodiments.

FIG. 4 includes four histograms that illustrate distributions of measured burst times during a time-interval of predicted burst times, in embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a network-traffic burst predictor communicatively coupled to a network device within a network, in an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method for predicting network-traffic bursts, in an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a plot of a bit-rate 100 of information transmitted by a communication channel as a function of time. Bit-rate 100 includes a plurality of network-traffic bursts 110, which correspond to when network traffic exceeds a threshold data rate denoted by threshold line 102. In embodiments, threshold line 102 is a multiple of the standard deviation of network-traffic bursts 110.

Embodiments disclosed herein employ a quantitative method for predicting the timing of bursts in communication network traffic, e.g. wireline communication network traffic or wireless communication network traffic. The predictions may be used to reallocate bandwidth in more optimal ways. For example, if the next burst is predicted to occur no earlier than the minutes from now with a certain probability, then these ten minutes of underutilized bandwidth may be reallocated to other uses.

In embodiments, a burst prediction model relies a power law distribution for the cumulative bytes that flow between bursts. Equation (1) is of simple power-law distribution:

Σbytes=C(τ_(n) −t)β,  (1)

where τ_(n) is a predicted time-interval before the next burst, τ_(n)>t, and β is an index that, in embodiments, is positive and less than unity, such as β=0.84.

The flow of bytes per unit time is given by the derivative of the equation (1), equation (2), where α=β−1<0.

Flow=C(τ_(n) −t)^(α)  (2)

In general, exponent a can be written as complex number α=ξ+iη, which enables equation (2) to be expressed as equation (3), where (τ_(n)−t)^(iη) is replaced by Re{cos(η ln(τ_(n)−t))+i sin(η ln(τ_(n)−t))}=cos(η ln(τ_(n)−t)), which ensures a non-complex value for data rate.

Flow=C(τ_(n) −t)^(ξ) cos[η ln(τ_(n) −t)]  (3)

Bursts by their very nature are local maxima of equation (3), such that they can be found by taking the first derivative of equation (3) and setting it equal to zero, as shown in equation (4).

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{dFlow}{dt} = {{{{- C}\; {\xi \left( {\tau_{n} - t} \right)}^{\xi}{\cos \left\lbrack {\eta {\ln \left( {\tau_{n} - t} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} + {{C\left( {\tau_{n} - t} \right)}^{\xi}\eta {\sin \left\lbrack {\eta {\ln \left( {\tau_{n} - t} \right)}} \right\rbrack}}} = 0}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

Eliminating common factors and dividing by the cosine term yields equation (5).

ξ tan [η ln(τ_(n) −t _(k))±kπ]=ξ/η(5)

In equation (5), the kit term denotes the kth maximum at time t_(k). Applying the inverse tangent function to equation (5) and exponentiating both sides yields:

η ln(τ_(n) −t)±kπ=arctan(ξ/η)  (6)

Solving equation (6) for τ_(n) and choosing the +kπ yields equation (7), which relates the time to the next burst as measured from the kth previous burst:

τ_(n) =t _(k) exp [η⁻¹ arctan(ξ/η)+kπ/η].  (7)

In general, the time of the burst at predicted burst-interval τ_(n) can be found given η and any two prior bursts p₁ and p₂, from the following equation:

τ_(n)=(t _(p) ₁ −t _(p) ₂ e ^((p) ¹ ^(−p) ² ^()π/η))/1−e ^((p) ¹ ^(−p) ² ^()π/η))  (8)

FIG. 2 is a scatter plot 200 of measured burst times vs. predicted burst times predicted using equation (7). Bursts in scatter plot 200 correspond to bit rates that exceed two standard deviations of a mean bit-rate calculated in a trailing one-hour window. Scatter plot 200 includes one-thousand data points each of which represents one burst.

Line 202 is a best-fit line to scatter plot 200 generated by applying N=6 measured burst times to equation (7), where

={m₅, m₄, m₃, m₂, m₁, m₀} denote the N measured burst times. In burst-time set

, burst-time m_(k+1) occurs before burst-time m_(k). The measured burst times were applied to equation (7) as shown in equations (9a)-(9e), hereinafter equations (9), to determine best-fit values of values of ξ and η, denoted herein as ξ_(fit) and τ_(fit), via a Levenberg-Marquardt method. In embodiments, other curve-fitting, minimization, and/or optimization methods may be used to determine ξ_(fit) and η_(fit).

m ₀ =m ₁+exp[η⁻¹ arctan(ξ/η)+π/η]  (9a)

m ₀ =m ₂+exp[η⁻¹ arctan(ξ/η)+2π/η]  (9b)

m ₀ =m ₃+exp[η⁻¹ arctan(ξ/η)+3π/η]  (9c)

m ₀ =m ₄+exp[r ₇ ⁻¹ arctan(ξ/η)+4π/η]  (9d)

m ₀ =m ₅+exp[η⁻¹ arctan(ξ/η)+5π/η]  (9e)

The values for ξ_(fit) and η_(fit) determined from equations (9), were applied again to equation (7) to predict next-burst estimates τ₁₋₅, as shown in equations (10a)-(10e).

τ₁ =m ₀+exp[η_(fit) ⁻¹ arctan(ξ_(fit)/η_(fit))+π/η_(fit)]  (10a)

τ₂ =m ₁+exp[η_(fit) ⁻¹ arctan(ξ_(fit)/η_(fit))+2π/η_(fit)]  (10b)

τ₃ =m ₂+exp[η_(fit) ⁻¹ arctan(ξ_(fit)/η_(fit))+3π/η_(fit)]  (10c)

τ₄ =m ₃+exp[η_(fit) ⁻¹ arctan(ξ_(fit)/η_(fit))+4π/η_(fit)]  (10d)

τ₅ =m ₄+exp[η_(fit) ⁻¹ arctan(ξ_(fit)/η_(fit))+5π/η_(fit)]  (10e)

The predicted next-burst estimates τ₁₋₅ were averaged to yield a mean-predicted next-burst τ. Without departing from the scope hereof, the number of measured burst times N used to determine parameter ξ_(fit), parameter η_(fit), and mean-predicted next-burst τ may be greater than or less than six.

The computations associated in equations (9) and (10) were repeated several times, each with a respective N-element set

of measured burst times, to generate scatter plot 200, FIG. 2, where each data point is a measured burst plotted against its corresponding mean-predicted next-burst τ. FIG. 2 includes a lower line 202, a best-fit line 204, and an upper line 206. Lower line 202 is nine-tenths of best-fit line 204. Upper line 206 is two times best-fit line 204. Note that nearly all the measured bursts are between lines 202 and 206. Specifically, forty-two measured bursts are below lower line 202 and forty-seven measured bursts are above upper line 206. This means that approximately ninety percent of the measured bursts are within these bounds, and hence the probability that a burst occurs between said bounds is approximately ninety percent. Scatter plot 300, FIG. 3, illustrates similar results for a shorter time interval, and includes lines 302, 304, and 306, which are analogous to lines 202, 204, and 206 of FIG. 2.

In the examples of FIGS. 2 and 3, approximately twenty percent of the bursts occurred before the predicted burst. That is, approximately twenty percent of the data points in FIGS. 2 and 3 are below respective lines (having slope equal to one) denoting actual burst times that equal predicted burst times. In embodiments, a percentage of the time interval until the next predicted burst τ_(n) are be reallocated to other uses. This percentage may correspond to the percentage of bursts occurring after the predicted burst, which in the examples of FIGS. 2 and 3 is eighty percent, which corresponds to a QoS=80%.

For a given interval of predicted bursts, the distributions of measured bursts in FIGS. 2 and 3 may be fit to a normal distribution. For example, measured bursts in FIG. 2 occurring within a time-interval 210 may be fit to a normal distribution 212. Similarly, measured bursts in FIG. 3 within a time-interval 310 may be fit to a normal distribution 312.

FIG. 4 includes four histograms 420, 440, 460, and 480 that illustrate distributions of measured burst times during a time-interval of predicted burst times. Plots 420-480 each includes a respective normal distribution 424, 444, 464, and 484 fit to a respective histogram 420, 440, 460, and 480. Normal distributions 424-484 are examples of normal distribution 212, FIG. 2, and normal distribution 312, FIG. 3.

The normal distribution of measured bursts with respect to predicted burst-intervals τ_(n) enables use the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the normal distribution to pick a QoS value. For example, in a use scenario, the predicted time-interval until the next burst (predicted burst-interval τ_(n)) is close to a previously-predicted interval τ_(p). In embodiments, previously-predicted interval τ_(p) is determined to be the one of P previously-predicted intervals τ that is closest to predicted burst-interval τ_(n). In embodiments, predicted burst-interval τ_(n) differs from a previously-predicted interval τ_(p) by less than a predetermined difference δτ.

The normal distribution associated with previously-predicted interval τ_(p) is characterized by a mean-value μ_(p) and a standard deviation σ_(p). In such a case, channel resources such as bandwidth may be freed for a time interval τ_(free) related to the CDF of the normal distribution:

CDF=½+½+erf[(τ_(free)−μ_(p))/√{square root over (2)}σ_(p)]  (11)

In embodiments, mean-value μ_(p) and a standard deviation σ_(p) are averages of normal distributions associated with a quantity Q<P previously-predicted intervals τ that, among the P previously predicted intervals τ, are closest to predicted burst-interval τ_(n). In embodiments, the Q previously-predicted intervals represent a top quantile of the P previously-predicted intervals in terms of their proximity to predicted burst-interval τ_(n). The top quantile is, for example, a top decile or smaller group, such as a top two percent.

The value of CDF evaluated at time interval τ_(free) is the probability that the next burst will occur before predicted burst-interval τ_(n). If a network device reallocates bandwidth during a next-burst interval τ_(free), bursts occurring within next-burst interval τ_(free) decreases QoS for lack of sufficient bandwidth to accommodate the bursts. Quality of service QoS may be defined as the probability of having sufficient bandwidth during next-burst interval τ_(n), or QoS=(1−CDF). When CDF equals zero and one, the probability of bandwidth being insufficient during next-burst interval τ_(free) is zero and one, respectively. Replacing CDF with QoS in equation (11) and solving for τ_(free) yields equation (12). That is, for a given τ_(n) and contracted CDF=(1−QoS) the resources are freed up for a time given by:

τ_(free)=√{square root over (2)}σ_(p) erf⁻¹(1−2QoS)+μ_(p),  (12)

where erf⁻¹ denotes the inverse error function.

In embodiments, the functional relationship between CDF and QoS differs from CDF=(1−QoS). For example, the quality-of-service metric may be a decreasing function of the cumulative distribution function.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a network 500, which includes a network device 520, a plurality of network nodes 530, a plurality of network nodes 550, and a network-traffic burst predictor 510, hereinafter burst predictor 510. In embodiments, burst predictor 510 is either communicatively coupled to, or part of, network device 520. In embodiments, network device 520 is at least one of a network node, a gateway, a router, a network switch, a network hub, and a base transceiver station.

Network device 520 is communicatively connected to network nodes 530(1-M₀) via a plurality of communication channels 535(1-M₅). Network device 520 is communicatively connected to network nodes 550(1-N₀) via a plurality of network channels 545(1-N₅). Traffic on any one of communication channels 535 and 555 may include network traffic bursts, of which network-traffic bursts 110 are an example. Traffic on any of communication channels 535 and 555 may be en route either to or from any one of network nodes 530 and 550. In embodiments, integer M₅ may be less than or equal to integer M₀, and integer N₅ is less than or equal to integer N₀.

In some embodiments, network 500 includes part or all of a wireline communication network and/or a wireless communication network. Some examples of possible wireline communication networks include networks operating according to one or more of a data over cable services interface specification (DOCSIS) protocols, digital subscriber line (DSL) protocols, ethernet passive optical network (EPON) protocols, gigabit passive optical network (GPON) protocols, and radio frequency over glass (RFOG) protocols. Some examples of possible wireless networks include networks operating according to one or more of long term evolution (LTE) protocols, fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) protocols, sixth generation (6G) protocols, Wi-Fi protocols, microwave communication protocols, and Satellite communication protocols.

Burst predictor 510 includes a memory 514 communicatively coupled to a processor 512. Memory 514 may be transitory and/or non-transitory and may include one or both of volatile memory (e.g., SRAM, DRAM, computational RAM, other volatile memory, or any combination thereof) and non-volatile memory (e.g., FLASH, ROM, magnetic media, optical media, other non-volatile memory, or any combination thereof). Part or all of memory 514 may be integrated into processor 512. Memory 514 includes machine-readable instructions. Processor 512 is adapted to execute the machine-readable instructions to perform functions of burst predictor 510 described herein.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method 600 for predicting network-traffic bursts. Method 600 may be implemented within one or more aspects of burst predictor 510 and/or network device 520. In embodiments, method 600 is implemented by processor 512 executing computer-readable instructions stored as software and/or firmware in memory 514. Method 600 includes at least one of steps 610, 620, 630, and 640.

Step 610 includes identifying, in data received by a networking device, a plurality of network-traffic bursts, each of the plurality of network-traffic bursts occurring at a respective one of plurality of burst-times {t_(N), t_(N-1), . . . , t₀}, N≥3. In an example of step 610, one of network device 520 and burst predictor 510 detects network-traffic bursts in network channel 535(1) of network 500.

Step 620 includes determining a time-interval τ_(n) of a next burst occurring at τ_(n) after burst-time t₁ by determining respective values of predicted time-interval τ_(n), a parameter ξ, and a parameter η. Time-interval parameter ξ, and parameter η minimize, to within a tolerance, a quantity (f_(k)(ξ,η,k)−(τ_(n)−t_(k))) for at least three values of a positive integer k≤N. Parameters ξ and η are, respectively, a real part and an imaginary part of a power-law exponent of a power law relating predicted time-interval τ_(n) to any of the plurality of burst-times. In an example of step 620, burst predictor 510 determines mean-predicted next-burst f from next-burst estimates τ₁₋₅ of equations (10).

In embodiments, step 620 includes at least one of steps 622 and 624. Step 622 includes determining values ξ_(min) and η_(min) of parameters ξ and η as those that minimize, within a predetermined tolerance a combination of (f_(k)(ξ,η,k)−(t_(n)−t_(k))) for k=1, 2, . . . , N. Step 624 includes determining τ_(n) as an average of burst intervals τ_(k)=t_(k)+f_(k) (ξ_(min),η_(min),k), for k=1, 2, . . . , N. In an example of step 622, burst predictor 510 determines parameters ξ and η that minimize equations (9) to within a predetermined tolerance. In an example of step 620, burst predictor 624 determines mean-predicted next-burst f from next-burst estimates τ₁₋₅ of equations (10).

Step 630 includes determining, from a cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution of previously-identified network-traffic bursts associated with a previously-predicted burst-time τ_(p), a time-duration during which the networking device may reallocate bandwidth according to at least one of traffic type, a subnet mask, and IP address. Previously-predicted burst-time τ_(p) differs from predicted time-interval τ_(n) by less than a predetermined tolerance. In an example of step 630, burst predictor 510 determines next-burst interval τ_(free) per equations (11) and (12).

In embodiments, step 630 includes at least one of steps 632, 634, and 636. Step 632 includes determining the time-duration from a mean burst-time μ_(p) and a standard deviation σ_(p) of the normal distribution. In an example of step 632, burst predictor 510 determines next-burst interval τ_(free) in part from equations (11) and (12), which include mean burst-time μ_(p) and standard deviation σ_(p).

Step 634 includes determining the time-duration as √{square root over (2)}_(p) erf⁻¹(1−2QoS)+μ_(p), where QoS is a predetermined metric related to a probability of having sufficient bandwidth during the time-duration. In an example of step 634, burst predictor 510 determines next-burst interval τ_(free) using equation (12).

Step 636 includes determining the mean burst-time μ_(p) and the standard deviation σ_(p) by curve-fitting the previously-identified network-traffic bursts. In a first example of step 636, burst predictor 510 fits normal distribution 212 to measured traffic bursts occurring in time-interval 210, FIG. 2, thereby determining a mean value and standard deviation of normal distribution 212. In a second example of step 636, burst predictor 510 fits normal distribution 312 to measured traffic bursts occurring in time-interval 310, FIG. 3, thereby determining a mean value and standard deviation of normal distribution 312. In a third example of step 636, burst predictor 510 fits normal distribution 424, 444, 464, and 484 to respective histograms 420, 440, 460, and 460, FIG. 4, thereby determining a mean value and standard deviation of normal distributions 424-484.

Step 640 includes reallocating bandwidth during the time-duration and according to at least one of traffic type, a subnet mask, and IP address during the time-duration. In an example of step 640, burst predictor 510 reallocated bandwidth from communication channel 535(1) to one or more communication channels 535(2-M₅) during next-burst interval τ_(free).

Changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope hereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the adjective “exemplary” means serving as an example, instance, or illustration. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method and system, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. 

1-18. (canceled)
 19. A method for allocating bandwidth in a communication network, comprising: identifying a plurality of network-traffic bursts in data being transported by the communication network; determining a time interval between network-traffic bursts in which data transmission can be reallocated in the communication network, at least partially based on the plurality of network-traffic bursts in data being transported by the communication network; and reallocating bandwidth in the communication network during the time interval.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein determining the time interval comprises determining the time interval at least partially based on a power law distribution for cumulative data that flows between network-traffic bursts.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein determining the time interval comprises determining the time interval at least partially from a mean-value and a standard deviation of a plurality of normal distributions of measured network-traffic bursts with respect to predicted network-traffic bursts.
 22. The method of claim 19, further comprising determining the time interval as a function of a desired Quality of Service (QoS) to be provided by the communication network.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the desired QoS is related to a cumulative density function evaluated at the time interval.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the desired QoS is proportional to a difference between the cumulative density function and unity.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the desired QoS is a decreasing function of the cumulative density function.
 26. The method of claim 19, wherein reallocating bandwidth in the communication network during the time interval comprises reallocating bandwidth according to at least one of traffic type, a subnet mask, and an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
 27. A method for allocating bandwidth in a communication network, comprising: identifying a plurality of network-traffic bursts in data being transported by the communication network; determining a first time interval of a next network-traffic burst; determining a cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution of previously-identified network-traffic bursts at least partially based on the first time interval; determining, from the cumulative distribution function, a second time interval in which data transmission can be reallocated in the communication network; and reallocating bandwidth in the communication network during the second time interval.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the data being transported by the communication network comprises data received by a networking device.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein determining the first time interval comprises determining best-fit components of a power law distribution function exponent.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the best-fit components of the power law distribution exponent comprise a real component and an imaginary component.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the power law distribution function represents cumulative data that flows between network traffic bursts.
 32. The method of claim 27, wherein determining the second time interval comprises determining a mean-value and a standard deviation of a plurality of normal distributions of measured network-traffic bursts with respect to predicted network traffic bursts.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein determining the second time interval further comprises determining the second time interval at least partially from the mean-value and the standard deviation.
 34. The method of claim 27, wherein reallocating bandwidth in the communication network during the second time interval comprises reallocating bandwidth according to at least one of traffic type, a subnet mask, and an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
 35. A method for allocating bandwidth in a communication network, comprising: predicting timing of network-traffic bursts in the communication network based at least partially on a power law distribution; and reallocating bandwidth in the communication network during time intervals between predicted network-traffic bursts.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein predicting timing of network-traffic bursts comprises determining best-fit components of an exponent of the power law distribution.
 37. The method of claim 35, wherein predicting timing of network-traffic bursts comprises predicting timing of network-traffic bursts as a function of a desired Quality of Service (QoS) to be provided by the communication network.
 38. The method of claim 35, wherein reallocating bandwidth in the communication network during time intervals between predicted network-traffic bursts comprises reallocating bandwidth according to at least one of traffic type, a subnet mask, and an Internet Protocol (IP) address. 